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=== Glossary of "Evolution (2nd ed.)" by [[Zimmer_Emlen_2016|Zimmer & Emlen (2016)]] ===
=== Glossary of "Evolution (2nd ed.)" by [[Zimmer_Emlen_2016|Zimmer & Emlen (2016)]] ===
* Occurs whenever a helping individual behaves in a way that benefits another individual at a cost to its own fitness.
* Occurs whenever a helping individual behaves in a way that benefits another individual at a cost to its own fitness.
=== Glossary of "Evolution (4th ed.)" by [[Futuyma_Kirkpatrick_2017|Futuyma & Kirkpatrick (2017)]] ===
*Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor.
==文献（引用）==
==文献（引用）==
*[[Hardin_Bajema_1978|Hardin, G. & Bajema, C. 1978. Biology, its Principles and Implications, third edition. -x + 790 pp. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.]]
*[[Hardin_Bajema_1978|Hardin, G. & Bajema, C. 1978. Biology, its Principles and Implications, third edition. -x + 790 pp. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.]]
* [[Zimmer_Emlen_2016|Zimmer, C. & Emlen, D. J. 2016. Evolution: Making Sense of Life, 2nd ed. -xxxvi + 707 pp. Roberts and Company Publishers, Inc., Greenwood Village.]]
* [[Zimmer_Emlen_2016|Zimmer, C. & Emlen, D. J. 2016. Evolution: Making Sense of Life, 2nd ed. -xxxvi + 707 pp. Roberts and Company Publishers, Inc., Greenwood Village.]]
*[[Futuyma_Kirkpatrick_2017|Futuyma, D. J. & Kirkpatrick, M. 2017. Evolution, 4th ed. -xviii + 602 pp. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland.]]
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