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=== Glossary of "Ecology (6th ed.)" by [[Krebs_2009|Krebs (2009)]] ===
 
=== Glossary of "Ecology (6th ed.)" by [[Krebs_2009|Krebs (2009)]] ===
 
* in a broad sense, the living together of two or more organisms of different species; in a narrow sense, synonymous with ''[[mutualism]]''.
 
* in a broad sense, the living together of two or more organisms of different species; in a narrow sense, synonymous with ''[[mutualism]]''.
   
=== Glossary of "Lichens" by [[Purvis_2000|Purvis (2000)]] ===
 
=== Glossary of "Lichens" by [[Purvis_2000|Purvis (2000)]] ===
 
* The living together of unlike organisms; it may be for mutual benefit or not.
 
* The living together of unlike organisms; it may be for mutual benefit or not.
   
=== Glossary of "Life (9th ed.)" by [[Sadava_Hillis_Heller_Berenbaum_2011|Sadava et al. (2011)]] ===
 
=== Glossary of "Life (9th ed.)" by [[Sadava_Hillis_Heller_Berenbaum_2011|Sadava et al. (2011)]] ===
 
* The living together of two or more species in a prolonged and intimate relationship.
 
* The living together of two or more species in a prolonged and intimate relationship.
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===Glossary of "Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet (2nd ed.)" by [[Botkin_Keller_1998|Botkin & Keller (1998)]]===
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*An interaction between individuals of two different species that benefits both.  For example, lichens contain an alga and a fungus that require each other to persist.  Sometimes this term is used broadly, so that domestic corn and people could be said to have a symbiotic relationship—domestic corn cannot reproduce without the aid of people, and some people survive because they have corn to eat.
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== 文献(引用) ==
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==文献(引用)==
* [[Krebs_2009|Krebs, C. J.  2009.  Ecology, 6th ed.  -xvi + 655 pp.  Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco.]]
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*[[Botkin_Keller_1998|Botkin, D. B. & Keller, E. A.  1998.  Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet, 2nd ed.  -xxxxii + 649 pp.  John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.]]
* [[Purvis_2000|Purvis, W.  2000.  Lichens.  112 pp.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.]]
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*[[Krebs_2009|Krebs, C. J.  2009.  Ecology, 6th ed.  -xvi + 655 pp.  Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco.]]
* [[Sadava_Hillis_Heller_Berenbaum_2011|Sadava, D., Hillis, D. M., Heller, H. C. & Berenbaum, M. R.  2011.  Life: The Science of Biology, 9th ed.  -xliv + 1266 pp.  Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland.]]
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*[[Purvis_2000|Purvis, W.  2000.  Lichens.  112 pp.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.]]
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*[[Sadava_Hillis_Heller_Berenbaum_2011|Sadava, D., Hillis, D. M., Heller, H. C. & Berenbaum, M. R.  2011.  Life: The Science of Biology, 9th ed.  -xliv + 1266 pp.  Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland.]]
    
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[http://www.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/index-j.html 広島大学] / [http://www.digital-museum.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~museum/ デジタル自然史博物館] / [http://www.digital-museum.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~museum/plant/ 植物] / [[生物の用語集(アルファベット順)|アルファベット順]] | [[生物の用語集(仮名順)|仮名順]] にもどる
      
[[Category:植物]]
 
[[Category:植物]]
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[[Category:生態]]
 
[[Category:生態]]
 
[[Category:地衣類]]
 
[[Category:地衣類]]
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[[Category:用語]]
 
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