Independent variable

independent variable (or variable, independent / manipulated variable)

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Definition

Glossary of "Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet (2nd ed.)" by Botkin & Keller (1998)

• In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the investigator. In an observational study, the variable that is believed by the investigator to affect an outcome, or dependent, variable.

文献（引用）

• Botkin, D. B. & Keller, E. A. 1998. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet, 2nd ed. -xxxxii + 649 pp. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

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